Line pulse modulator



De@ 112, 395@ x. SAGER LINE PULSE MODULATOR 3 Sheets-Sheet l Filed July 6, 1944 De@ 3122 i195@ u. SAGER ,539285 LINE PULSE MODULTOR Filed July 6, 1944 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 TRANS M ITTER ZIA- ATTORN EY l. SAGER 2,533,285

LINE PULSE MODULATOR Filed July 6, .1944 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 MITTER MITTER' EL E@ IN V EN TOR. IRVING SAGER Patented Dec.. l2, 1950 UNITE STATES FFECE (Granted under the act of March 3, 1883, as amended April 30, i928; 370 0. G. 757) The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purpose Without the oayment to me of any royalty thereon.

This invention relates to keying circuits for radio transmitters more particularly to the keying circuits which periodically key transmitters by means of pulses of short duration.

ri'he invention will 'oe described in connection with 'the radio object locating system, but it is obvious that the intention has a wider utility and may be used with any type or" pulse-modulated radio transmitters.

In radio object locating systems the transmitted exploratory pulses are of extremely short duration and high power, effective operation ci" the systems depending to a very large extent on the power of the transmitted exploratory pulse. rEhis type of operation requires very large concentration of power into extremely Short periods of time, and the task of delivering this power to the transmitters, as a rule, evolves upon the keyers, since plate modulation is assuming more and more dominant position in the transmittc-r circuits of the radio object locating systems.

The invention discloses several keyers some of which are capable of handling very large currents, are stable in operation, light in weight, and use equipment which is readily available.

ln accordance with one forrn of the invention, use is made oi simple pulse generator circuits which include a mercury `pool type tube generally known as ignitron. A D. C. source is used for periodically charging an artiiicial line, and, upon the line being fully charged, discharging very quickly through low impedance ignitrons. in one embodiment of the invention two ignitrons are connected in series in order to double the voltage handling capacity of the ignitrons. One of the ignitrons is ignited by means of periodic pulses supplied by a master oscil lator, while the other ignitron is ignited immediately i the ionization of the first ignitron which has been previously accumulated on a condenser connected in series with the same source of D. C. potential that is 1Ased for charging the artincial line. Upon the lv ablishrnent of the arc in the second ignitron the artiicial line discharges through the two itrons in series and through a transoriner rihis delivers the ter resulting in the transmission of the eX- ploratory pulse by the radio locator. The charging circuit of the artificial line includes a high inductance choke, this choke forming a resonance circuit with the articial line. The charging voltage follows an oscillatory path thus charging the line during the positive cycles of oscillations to a voltage which is approximately twice the voltage oi the available source. In accordance with another embodiment of the invention the ignitrons are substituted by the thyratrons, the functioning of the circuit otherwise being similar to the functioning of the circuit using ignitrons. A keying circuit is also disclosed which accomplishes keying of the transmitter with the aid of only one ignitron, the ignitor electrode of which is prevented from carrying any current immediately upon the establishment of the cathodeanode current.

it is, therefore, an object oi my invention to provide a novel keying circuit for two serially connected gas-filled tubes, one tube being ionized by the pulses originating at a master oscillator, while the other tube is ionized by means of a condenser.

Another object or" iny invention is to provide an ignition circuit for an ignitron where the ignitor element is protected from any possible exposure to excessive current thus prolonging the operating life of the ignitrons and enabling one to operate ignitrons continuously for long periods oi time.

The novel features which I believe to be characteristic or my invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. My invention itself, however, both as to its organization and method ol operation, together with the iurther objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood in conn ction with the following ption in connection with the accompanying Figure i is a blccl diagram ci a transmitting channel.

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram o a keyer using two ignitrons.

Figure 3 is an oscillograin of an articial line charging voltage.

Figure l is a schematic diagram of a modineation of the keyer disclosed in Fig. 2.

Figures 5 and S are two additional moiications of the circuit disclosed in Fig.

Figure l is a schematic diagram oi a keying circuit using only one ignitron, the ignitor element being protected rorn any injurious excessive currents.

Referring to Fig. l, a master oscillator il which keeps in step the transmitting receiving channels of radar, generates a sinusoidal wave i l which is impressed on a shaping amplifier E2, the outset oi which is illustrated at it. The shaping amplifier consists of a pulse-shaping pentode which is overdriven in the positive and negative directions by the sinusoidal Wave ii. The output or" the overdriven pentode represents a series o s antially rectansuia positive and negative Waves. These are impressed on a condenser-resistance diierentiating network producing positive and negative pulses ld in its output. For a more detailed description of he shaping amplifiers reference is made to the patent application ol Wm. A. Huber, and Wm. T. Pope, Jr., Serial No. 596,308, led October 19, 1943, titled Radio Object Locating System.

The pulses E-- are impressed on a gas-filled triode i6, the output of which is coupled to the2 primary of a pulse transformer 8. rEhe plate oi triode i is connected to the positive terlninai of a source of potential through a choke coil i? which prevents the rectangular Wave from appearing in the source oi potential. Periodic pulses appearing in the secondary of transformer E8 are impressed on a shaping amplifier :l2 which reshapes the positive pulses into series of positive rec guiar pulses appearing in the secon-lary of a. pulse transformer Pulses are impressed on a keyer 28 Where they are used for discharging a Guillemin line. The Guillemin line is connected in Series with a transformer, the secondary of which supplies plate potential for an oscillator in a transmitter 3Q. The latter connected. to an antenna which radiates the loratory pulses used for the detectien of any objects capable of reradiatiug the transmitted ene'gy.

Referring now to 2 which discloses the schematic diagram of keyer 2G, its circuit loegins with pulse transformer 25, secondary oi which is connected in series with an ignitor electrode a mercury cathode 2134 of ignitron 2G23, the cathode as Well as one side of the secondary being connected to ground. inode 2in? oi ignitron directly connected to cathode of the second ignitron its ignitor electrode is connected to the positive terminal of a source of C. potential 2i@ through resistnces 2in?. The junction point between e esistances EEB and 28S is grounded tLrou-gh condenser this condenser being normally .rg to a potential equal to the poten- C. source Elli. The purpose of reor preventing continuous operation rois, which become deioni ed discharging` Guille-min line Eid'. Tie purpose of riod of condenser' 2S? through ignitor electrode 255, cathode Jfi and grounded ignitron resistance regulating the disc arge current so as to avoid any ini urj of the ignitor electrode 3y any sudden rush or current upon ionization of ignitron 2&8. inode Eil of ignitron 26@ is also connected to the positive terminal ol source di@ through a choke coil which has magi core and very high inductance. Plate 2i S as weli as source are both connected over a conductor 22? to the u per side of line EN, this line representing artificial line composed or inductances and co Lensers 25S. The iower plates or" condensers are connected i lel to ground through primary of a pulse transformer' 222115. Secondar has..

plate potential for periocically energizing the osoillator. The oscillator is connected over transmission line to antenna. 32 which tranci s exploratory pulses in toe radio obd'ect iocating system.

The operation of the lt -yer is as iollows: Normally ignitrons and are in the C. state. When pulse 2t i nnpressed on the ign or electrode 293, ignitron 253 becomes ionized. Anode 232 is connected to condenser which is fully charged at this instant. It discharges over the ollowzg circuit: resistance 28S, ignitor electrode Z55, anode 2'132, and grounded cathode The discharge of condenser' oi er this circuit produces a, hot spot in the mercury pooi of ignitron and the establishment o the cathodeanode current, the anode 2H potential being furnished at this instant by line 2id, anc p. tcularly by its conceizsers Zit. Thus the t'- trons become ru ioni ed and represc circuit between gi ound and the line, 'which allows line to discharge to ground, the circuit being two ignitrons in series on one and c ie mary of transformer 22S on the other The duration of this uise is determined by the time constants o the line and the impedance of tl circuit through which it discharges. y'he discha ge impedance ist match the impedance o the line to avoid iy reiections. 'Ihus pulses of any desired length, such as a fraction of one inicrosecond or several hundred microseconds long, if so desired, be impressed on seconda y rThis results in transmission of an explor pulse of the corresponding duration by antenna Line Ehi is connected to source Elf.' through coil 2l?, the line, the coil, and primary 223 forming .a resonant circuit. Accordingly, when the charging period of the line begins, current ows through the coil, and, because of the stored energy in the iron-core of the coil, the maximum voltage that is impressed on the line during the first half of the oscillatory cycle is in the order of twice the voltage source BIG. rThis is illus-4 trated in Fig. 3 Where time T represents the time required for the charging voltage to reach its peak 3.32 during the transient oscillatory state which takes place immediately before the line is discharged through the ignitrons.

It is a very well known phenomenon in connection with the initiation of ignitrons that even when the ignition pulses impressed on the ignitor electrode are very carefully timed and their magnitudes controlled, there may be slight difference in time of actual ionization of the ignitrons, or, more specifically, the time between the application of the ignition pulse and the initiaticn of an arc between the mercury pool and the bracket holding the ignition electrode is not a constant. The arc between cathode and anode forms almost immediately upon ignition, closing the anode circuit in a very small fraction of a microsecond after the arc rst bridges the mercury pool with the ignitor bracket. But the ignition time per se varies from cycle to cycle, the variations following a simple statistical law. These variations are known in the art as jitter However, in the operation under discussion, the rectangular pulse 2li creates a potential gradient much greater than the critical ignition voltage value, and, as a consequence, the variations in time of the establishment of the arc is only,7 in the order of a fraction of a microsecond.

The question arises whether this variation in the ignition time of the ignitron is of such maf,-

nitude as to requre postive syncronization between the triggering pulses 2d impressed on the ignitor electron 203 and the charging cycle of the line. Comparison of the time constants involved immediately reveals the fact that such synchronization is unnecessary. Because of the very high inductance of coil 2i2, which may be in the order of (3*200 henrys, the value of inductance 262 depending upon the desired time constant of the Guillemin line, the duration T of the voltage cycle 300, (Fig. 3, Solid line) may be in the order of 1,000 microseconds. This value compares so favorably with a -fraction of a microsecond, which is the maximum variation in the ignition time, that any synchronization, other than giving proper parameters, is obviously unnecessary. For a more detailed discussion oi the firing time of the ignitrons, reference is made to an article in Electrical Engineering, September 1935, pages 942-949, titled Firing Time of an Ignitor Type of Tube by W. G. Dow and W. H. Powers. For a more detailed description of the behavior and the design formulae for the Guillemin line, reference is made to chapter 5, Fosters |Theorem, in volume 2 of Communication Networks by E. A. Guillemin, published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1935.

The reason for using two ignitrons in series in Fig. 2 is for enabling one to use standard type of ignitrons which are used. in industry ior various purposes, principally for controlling currents; since the maximum cathode-anode voltages in ordinary commercial applications of ignitrons are not especially high, standard ignitrons are designed to withstand only comparatively low commercial voltages. When the ignitrons of this type are used in connection with a keying circuit, such as illustrated in Fig. 3, it becomes necessary to connect the two ignitrons in series, and thus divide the maximum voltage 2E, Fig. 8, which appears between conductor 22? and ground, between the two ignitrons. In one embodiment of the invention the maximum voltage impressed on the two ignitrons in series is in the order of 16,000 volts; thus each ignitron is subjected in this arrangement to a maximum voltage of 8,000 volts. The high voltages used for charging the Guillemin line enable one to deliver the pulses of very large power, in the order of megawatt, to transmitter 30, which is obviously the final goal desired in the radio iccators.

summarizing briey the operation or the key-- ing circuit illustrated in Fig. 2, line 2id is periodically charged by source 2li?, and when the maximum voltage peak Fig. 3, is reached, pulse 24 is impressed on the ignitor element of the lower ignitron 200, which at once establishes full ionization of this ignitron. As a re-1 sult, condenser 25? discharges through the lower ignitron 200, which at once ionizes ignitron and condensers 22H3, which at this instant have. been charged to voltage 2E, discharge through the ignitrons and primary 220 of transformer 220;. This furnishes the necessary plate voltage for the oscillator of transmitter 30. Th cycle immediately repeats itself upon the ionization of the ignitrons, which taires placa upon the discharge of the Guillemin line. The inductance of choke coil 292 and the Value oi the resistances 229, 20G are such that source is incapable of maintaining the ionized state of the ignitrons upon the discharge of the line.

The following circuit constants and tubes give satisfactory operation with a 30 microsecond exploratory pulse:

Ignitrons 20| and 206: GL 415, General Electric Company. Amplifier 22, Fig. 1: 2 Western Electric Co. tubes,

type 715V connected in parallel. Gas-filled tube i6, Fig. 1: RCA gaseous triode 2050. Transformer i8: General Electric pulse transformer No. 68G711, 1 to 3 step-up ratio. Transformer 25: Hypersil coil, step-down ratio 7.3 to 1. Repetition rate of the rectangular pulses 24: 125

pulses per second. Resistor 209: 300,000 ohms. Resistor 208: 10 ohms. Condenser 201: .02 microfarad. D. C. source of potential 2 I0: 8,000 Volts. Guillemin line 2 i4:

Time constant: 20 microsecondline. inductance coils 2id: 6.7 microhenrys each. Condensers 2 it: .04 microfarad each. Transformer 220: Hypersil core, 1 to 3 step-up ratio. Maximum modulation power of the pulse impressed on transformer 30: 1.5 megawatt.

Fig. 4 discloses application of the circuit disclosed in Fig. 2 to the gas-filled tubes. This circuit may be used when the current-carrying capacity of the keyer needs not be high. The functioning of the lzeyer disclosed in Fig. 4 otherwise resembles the functioning of the keyer disclosed in Fig. 2.

The components performing the same functions in Figs. 2 and 4 bear the same numerals. As in Fig. 2, line 2M is charged by source 2H! through inductance 2l2, the charging current following the oscillatory path illustrated in Fig. 3. One side of the line is connected to Iprimary 220 of pulse transformer 224, the secondary of which is connected to transmitter 30, while the other side is grounded through two gas-filled tubes 400, @02 which are connected in series. The grids of the tubes are connected to the respective cathodes through grid resistors 40E and 403. Condenser-resistance combination 20T-209 is used again, as in Fig. 2.

Normally tubes 000 and 402 are nonconductive. When pulse 24 renders tube 400 conductive, condenser 20'! discharges through resistor 403 and tube 600, thus impressing a high positive potential on the control grid of tube 402. Since the anode of the latter is connected tothe Guillemin line, the line immediately discharges to ground through the two tubes in series and delivers the required pulse to transmitter 30. The disadvantage of the circuit disclosed in Fig. 4 resides in the fact that the current-carrying capacity of the gas-nlled tubes is much lower than the current carrying capacity oi the ignitrons illustrated in Fig. 2 and, as a consequence, the gaslled tubes represent the power-limiting component in the keyer circuit. The advantage of the circuit, on the other hand, resides in the fact that it is extremely stable in operation since the ionization of the gas medium in the gas-filled tubes taires place without any delay and does not follow the random distribution pattern of ignition in the ignitrons; as a consequence, there is no median ignition time phenomenon or jitter present in this case.

Fig. 5 discloses a modified form oi the circuit disclosed in Fig. 2. The modification resides in shunting the two ignitrons 500 and 502 by means of the'voltage dividing resistors 504 and 5.06,'connecting the ignitor electrode 508 `of the upper ignitron-5,00 through a resistance I 0 to the junction point between the shunting resistors '504 and 50S, and connecting the ignition condenser 5I2 across resistance 505. The functioning of this .circuit is similar to the functioning of the circuit disclosed in Fig. 2, with the exception that condenser 5I2 circuit is now subjected to a high charging voltage, kor voltage 2E, indicated in Fig. 3. Normally the ignitrons are in a deionized state, and ignitron 502 becomes ionized upon the deliverance of the rectangular pulse 5I4, the positive anode potential at this instant being supplied by the fully charged condenser 5I2. Condenser 5l2 discharges through the currentlimiting resistor 5I0, ignitor 508, cathode 50i, and ignitron 502, which at once ionizes the upper ignitron 500. The Guillemin line discharges through the two ignitrons and transformer 224. Resistor 504 is positioned so that the time constant of the condenser-resistance combination E12-5M is sunciently low so as to charge fully condenser 5 I 2 during the interval of time T, Fig. 3. Resistor 5 l 0 accomplishes exactly the same function as resistor 203 in Fig. 2, and, therefore, acts merely as a current-limiting resistor during the discharge period of condenser 5|2. Resistor 506 is Aused for positively limiting the voltage impressed across the lower ignitron 502 and condenser 5 I2.

Fig. 6 discloses an application of the circuit disclosed in Fig. 5 to the thyratrons. This circuit may be used when the current-carrying capacity of the circuit need not be as high as the currentcarrying capacity of the circuit illustrated in Fig. v5. Normally the two thyratrons are nonconductive. when the positive rectangular pulse is impressed on the control grid of thyratron G32 it becomes conductive since it is under the influence of the positive charge accumulated on ycondenser :604. Condenser 94, therefore, discharges to ground through resistors 505, 508 and thyratron *502. The discharge current through resistor 55S impresses high positive potential on .the control grid of thyratron S05, and since the plate of this thyratron is now under the inliuence of the high positive potential 2E, Fig. 3, the two thyratrons become at once conductive and discharge the Guillemin line to ground as in the previous examples.

Actual operation of the ignitrons in the keying circuits has disclosed the fact that the most sensitive element in the entire circuit is the ignitor electrode used for establishing the hot spot on the mercury pool of the ignitrons. As is well known in the art, the radio locators as a rule operate continuously over long periods of time, this type of operation being especially common in connection with radio locators assigned for continuous routine surveillance of the assigned areas. Since the establishment of ignition must take place in an extremely short period of time, very large power must be delivered to the ignitor electrode, the cumulative effect of this type of operation eventually resulting in premature burning out of the ignitor electrode. It has also been discovered that the life of the ignitor electrodes, and, as a consequence, of the entire keyer, may be increased many fold if precautions are taken to prevent in some positive manner the ignitor electrode from carrying any current immediately upon the establishment of the main cathodeanode circuit. Fig. '7 discloses a circuit which accomplishes this result by means of a feed-back 8 circuit between the ignitron and the ignitor circuit, this feed-back circuit preventing the continuance of any current in the ignitor circuit immediately upon the establishment of the full ionization in the ignitron.

As in the preceding arrangement, a source of D. C. potential Zi is used for periodically charging a Guillemin line 2M through an inductance 252, the charging current following the current pattern illustrated in Fig. 3. Upon reaching of the maximum voltage 2E, the Guillemin line is discharged through an ignitron 'E00 delivering the necessary keying pulse to a transmitter 30 as in all preceding arrangements.

Full ionization of ignitron '100 is accomplished in the following manner: positive rectangular pulses 212 are impressed on the control grid of a pentode 'iS-2 which is normally biased so as to be nonconductive by means of a voltage divider consisting of resistors li, 'IUE and '.108 connected across a source of D. C. potential. rThe control grid of the pentode is connected to the cathode through secondary 21 and biasing resistor 704. The plate of pentode 'IGZ is connected to the primary of a pulse transformer' 'IIB and to the source of potential, resistors '105 and '98 cornpleting its cathode plate circuit. The rectangular pulse 213 is thus ampliiied in pentode '102 and is impressed on the secondary of transformer 'H the secondary of this transformer being connected on one side to the ignitor electrode ?I2, and on the other side to the cathode terminal lill. The cathode terminal 'IIA is grounded through a small inductance coil TIS. The rectangular pulse impressed on the ignitor electrode 'i i2 establishes an arc between the mercury pool and the ignitor, which at once produces full ionization of the ignitron and discharge of the Guillemin line to ground.

The grid-cathode circuit of pentode 702 is shunted by a gas-lled tube H8, the plate of this tube being connected to the grid of pentode 102 while the cathode is connected to a conductor l2@ joining resistance '104 to secondary 2l. The grid of the gas-lled tube is connected to the same conductor '52d through a grid resistor 'I2!, and through a coupling condenser 'E22 and a conductor ZG to the cathode electrode 'IIl of the ignitron. It is this gas-filled tube, connected across the input circuit of pentode '102, and having its grid coupled to the ignitron through thc condenser, that is used for preventing the continuance of current in the ignitor electrode upon the ionization of the ignitron.

In Figs, l through 6 the duration of the pulses used for the initiation of the arc must be so adjusted as to span the entire random time period determined by the statistical law in order to avoid any possibility of ignition failure in the keyer. When the ignition actually takes place only after maximum duration of the igniting pulse, the igniting pulse thus ceasing immediately upon the full ionization of the ignitron, the ignitor electrode in such a case carries only the absolutely necessary current for producing the full ionization of the ignitron. However, when the establishment of the arc between the mercury pool and the ignitors bracket takes place some time before the cessation of the ignition pulse, relatively large voltage will be still impressed on the ignitor electrode circuit even after the establishinent of the necessary arc, and, as a consequence, the ignitor electrode will carry very large parasitic currents which are many times larger than the normal ignition currents. It is these parasitic currents `that cause premature burning out of the ignitor electrodes and failure vof the keying circuits. The feed-back circuit, .consist-ing ci conductor 12d and condenser l22 and a gaslled tube 'H8 is used for arresting any continued supply of voltage to the ignitor electrode circ-uit immediately upon the full ionization of the ignitron. When large cathode-anode current appears in the ignitron, the inductance coil lli impresses high positive voltage on condenser 122 which produces immediate ionization of the gaslilled tube lle. Since this tube is connected directly across the seconda-ry of transformer 2S, the remaining portion or" the rectangular pulse is shorted by the low impedance of the gas-filled tube, and the control grid of pentode l2? becomes once more .connected to the negative source of potential. Accordingly, pentode lili/2 is at once rendered nonconductive, and the voltage impressed on the ignitor circuit is thus removed immediately upon the closing of the main cathode-anode circuit in the ignitron Hill The advantages of the disclosed line pulse modulators should be .apparent to those skilled in the art from the given disclosure. periods between the keying pulses impressed on the transmitter may be very carefully timed, and pulses of extremely short duration, from a iraction of l microsecond and up may be generated. The pulses possess ver-y large power, such as l megawatt or higher. The stability of the pulses from the point o1 view -oi timing .and the power impressed von lthe transmitter is so high that it approaches the stabil-ity of the master oscillator of the entire system, oniy minor variation being introduced by the ignition of the ignitrons. When thyratrons are used then the stability of the keying circuit is determined solely by the stability oi the master oscillator, the line-pulse modulator introducing no error-s of its lown intothe system. This is a matter ci paramount importance in many radio locating systems. In Figs. 2 and 5 .only two ignitrons, connected in series for discharging the Guillemin line, are illustrated. When stili higher voltages are desired it is .obvious that the coniig-uration of the circuit is such that it lends itself very readily to .any desired multiplication of the number of ignitrons in the .above mentioned series circuit, In order to accomplish this result the connections oi' the additional ignitrons in Fig. 2 should be identical with the connections of ignitron Edt, while in Fig. 5 the connections would be identical to the connections of ignitron tot. The circuit disclosed in Fig. 2 is more readily adaptable to a larger number of ignitrons in series than the one illustrated in Fig. 5, since in Fig. 2 the resistance condenser-networks, such as resistances 298, 239 and condenser 2b?, would be connected in parallel to the same source of potential Elli, while in Fig. 5 multiplication of the number oi ignitrons results in the increase of the time constant of the resistance condenser combinations 56d, 59d, 5% and 5 i 2 because oi the series nature oi the circuit.

Circuits are also disclosed which oiier a high degree of protection of the ignitor electrode resulting in the proionged life of this element which otherwise is the weakest point in the system. An additional advantage typical of the circuits disclosed in Figs. 2, 5 resides in the fact that eX- tremely low average power requirements are imposed upon the pulse generating circuits connected to the ignitor-cathode circuit oi the lower ignition till! in Fig. 2, V59:2 in Fig. 5 for two reasons.: rst, the duration of the ignition pulses 2li is in the order of l microsecond, and, second, only The idle time factor in the keying system.

one pulse is required for ionizing the two ignitrons connected in series, the ionization of the other ignitron being accomplished not by the pulse generating circuits but by the D. C. source alii, thus decreasing the power requirements imposed upon the pulse generating circuits by 50%. Frolonged life and lesser number oi tubes and pulse transformers is the result.

From the description of the circuits using ignitrons it is obvious that the only power limiting factor in the line pulse modulators are the Guillem-in line, the pulse transformer connected to the transmitter, and the source oi' D. C. potential, the ignitrons not being the power limiting As is very well known in the prior art, the modulating tubes always constituted the power limiting element in modulators whenever large power requirements were imposed upon them. The disclosed modulators obviously solve this dihicul-ty completely since the current carrying capacity oi the ignitrons is limited only by their cooling systems.

Itis believed that the construction and operation oi my new line pulse modulator as well as the many advantages thereof will be apparent from the foregoing description. lt will, therefore, be apparent that while l have shown and described my invention in several preferred iorms many changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit or' my invention as sought to be donned in tne following claims.

Iclai'm:

l. A iine pulse modulator including first and second gaseous discharge paths connected in series, a source of potential connected across said discharge paths, an artificial line connected to said source of potential and forming a parallel circuit with said discharge paths, a source of pulses connected to and capable oi ionizing said rst path, and resistor means connecting said second discharge path to said source of potential for ionizing said second path upon the ionization of said rst path whereby said artificial line discharges through said two paths in 2. A keyer including a series `circuit of a grounded source oi' potential, a choke coil, an articial line., and a grounded pulse transformer; nrst and second gaseous tubes, each having a cathode, an anode, and a control electrode, said tubes being connected in series between ground and the junction point between said choke coil and said artificial line, the cathode of said rst tube being connected to ground, and the anode oi said second tube being connected to said junction point; a source of pulses connected to and periodically rendering conductive said first tube; and resistor means connecting the cathode and the control electrodes of said second tube to said source of potential, for rendering said second tube conductive upon conduction of said first tube, whereby said articial line is periodically discharged through said tubes and said transformer.

3. A keyer as dened in claim 2, wherein said resistor means includes a rst resistance interconnecting said positive source oi potential and the control electrode of said second tube and a second resistance interconnecting the control electrode of said second tube with its cathode and .the anode of said rst tube; and which further includes a grounded condenser connected to the control electrode of said second tube, said condenser being charged by said source of potential, and discharged through said rst tube.

4. A keying circuit as defined in claim 2 in which said nrst and second gaseous tubes con prise ignitrons, said source of pulses rendering said first and second ignitrons conductive at the instant when the oscillatory charging voltage impressed on said artiiical line reaches its iirst maximum positive peak.

5. A keying circuit as defined in claim 2 in which said source of pulses comprises a master oscillator and a series of pulse-shaping ampliers transforming the sinusoidal wave of said oscillator into a series or" uni-polar periodic pulses.

6. A keying circuit as defined in claim 2, Wherein said choke coil, artificial line, and transformer form a series resonant circuit.

7. A keying circuit including a source of pulses, a first ignitron including a grounded cathode, an ignitor electrode and an anode; said ignitor electrode and said cathode being connected to said source of pulses whereby said pulses produce ignition in said iii-st ignitron; a second ignitron connected series with said first ignitron, said second ignitron including a cathode, an ignitor electrode, and an anode; a grounded pulse transformer, a grounded source of potential connected with its positive terminal to a choke coil, an artificial line connected with its one terminal to said choke coil and the anode of said second ignitron, and with its other terminal to the ungrouiided terminal of the primary of said pulse transformer, rst and second resistors connected in series between the ignitor electrode of said second ignitron and said source of potential; and a grounded condenser connected to the junction point between said iirst and second resistors; said keying circuit being so constructed and arranged that said condenser produces ignition in said second ignitron upon the establishment or" ignition in said first ignitron, and said artiiicial line generates a keying pulse in said transformer by discharging through said first and second ignitrons in series upon the establishment of ignition in said second ignitron by said condenser.

8. A keyer including a series circuit of a l grounded source of potential, a choke coil, an articial line, and a grounded connection to a transmitter; iirst and second ignitrons connected in series between ground and the junction point between said choke coil and said artificial line; each of said ignitrons having a cathode, an ignitor electrode and an anode; the cathode of said rst ignitron being connected to ground, and the anode of said second ignitron being connected to said junction point; a source of pulses connected to the ignitor electrode-cathode circuit of said first ignitron; iirst and second resistors connected in series with respect to each other and forming a connection between the ignitor electrode of the second igniti'on and said source of potential; and a grounded condenser connected to the junction point between said resistors; said source of potential periodically charging said artificial line and said condenser; and said ignitrons periodically discharging said articial line and said condenser; said series circuit being so constructed and arranged as to form a resonant circuit whereby the charging voltage or" said artificial line follows a transient path, and said source of pulses is so timed with respect to the transient path of said charging voltage as to render said ignitrons conductive for discharging said artificial line at substantially an instant when said charging voltage reaches the rst maximum positive peak, the discharge of said line delivering a keying pulse to said transmitter.

9. A keyer as defined in claim 8 in which said rst resistance has a resistance Value, and said choke coil has an inductance value, such as to prevent continued energization of said ignitrons immediately after discharge of said artificial line through said ignitrons.

10. A keyer including a series resonant circuit of a source of potential grounded with its negative terminal, a choke coil, an articial line and a grounded connection with a transmitter, iirst and second gaseous triodes connected in series between ground and the junction point between said choke coil and said articial line, the cathode of said first tiiode being connected to ground and the anode of said second triode being connected to said junction point, rst and second resistors connected in series and connecting said junction point to ground, a grounded condenser connected to a conductor interconnecting said resistors, a third resistor connecting said conductor to a control electrode of said second triode, and a source oi pulses connected to said first triode, said pulses and said condenser being instrumental in rendering said triodes periodically conductive whereby said artificial line is periodically discharged through said triode and through said grounded connection with the transmitter thereby impressing keying pulses on said transmitter.

ll. A keyer including a series resonant circuit oi' a source of potential, a choke coil, an artificial line and a radio transmitter, a rst ignitron including a cathode, an ignitor electrode and an anode, the ignitor electrode-cathode circuit of said first ignitron being connected to a source of pulses capable of producing ignition in said ignitron, a second ignitron having a cathode, an ignitor electrode and an anode, the anode of said rst ignitron being connected to the cathode of said second ignitron, and the anode of said second ignitron being connected to a conductor interconnecting said choke coil and said artificial line, a resistance element connecting the ignitor elec trode of said second ignitron to said conductor, and a condenser connected between the cathode of said iirst ignitron and a point on said resistor, said source o1" potential periodically charging said artificial line and said condensei', and said pulses, together with the charges on said condenser and said articial line, periodically rendering said ignitrons conductive thereby periodically dis charging said articial line through said ignitrons and through said radio transmitter said disf charging artificial line furnishing keying pulses for said transmitter.

l2. A keyer including a transmitter; a series resonant circuit of a source of potential grounded with its negative terminal, a choke coil, an

ff? artiicial line, and means for coupling said artiicial line to said transmitter; first and second gas-filled triodes, each having a cathode, grid, and an anode, said triodes being connected in series, with the anode of the second triode being con- '1 nected to a conductor interconnecting said choke other terminal to a grounded condenser, and a 13 source of pulses connected to the grid-cathode circuit of the rst triode for rendering said first and said second triodes conductive for periodically discharging said artiiicial line through said triodes and through said means whereby said means periodically impress keying pulses on said transmitter.

IRVING SAGER.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,021,034 Thompson Nov. 12, 1935 2,266,401 Reeves Dec. 16, 1941 Number 2,288,554 2,391,894 400,457 5 ""2j4o5,07o Y 2,411,898 416,718 21,420,309 '2,422,086 10 2,432,227 2,462,918

Number 15 v 489,021 

